Philosophy

Distinguish philosophical inquiry, cognitive processes, and psychological research, then examine thinking and emotion.

1. 01

   Philosophy: Concepts, Reasons, and the Limits of Inquiry

   Philosophy makes the frameworks of thought visible. It examines what exists, what can be known, how reasons support conclusions, and what is worth doing.

   15 min read
2. 02

   Philosophy, Cognition, and Psychology: Concepts, Minds, and Behavior

   Philosophy examines concepts and standards, cognition names the processes that make understanding possible, and psychology studies those processes in living beings.

   17 min read
3. 03

   Human Thinking: Representation, Reasoning, and Action

   Thinking is more than inner speech or formal logic. It uses concepts, images, memory, emotion, bodily states, and external tools to build judgments, imagine possibilities, and guide action.

   14 min read
4. 04

   Emotion: Feeling, Appraisal, and Readiness to Act

   What is an emotion, how is it classified, and how does it develop? An account of feeling, mood, appraisal, bodily response, competing theories, rationality, and action.

   17 min read

Move from philosophical inquiry to ontology, the identity of entities, and conceptual classification.

1. 01

   Philosophy: Concepts, Reasons, and the Limits of Inquiry

   Philosophy makes the frameworks of thought visible. It examines what exists, what can be known, how reasons support conclusions, and what is worth doing.

   15 min read
2. 02

   Ontology: What Exists and What AI Can Represent

   Ontology concerns what exists, the categories and identity conditions of entities, and their basic relations. In AI, those commitments become an explicit domain model.

   14 min read
3. 03

   Entities: Identity, Reference, and AI Systems

   An entity is something treated as having a distinguishable identity. This essay separates mentions, names, classes, records, and real-world referents across philosophy and AI.

   16 min read
4. 04

   Concepts: How We Classify and Understand the World

   Concepts make recognition, classification, and inference possible. This essay separates concepts, words, and objects, then examines intension, extension, prototypes, boundaries, counterexamples, and revision.

   12 min read

Examine facts, judgments, positions, and normative reasons without deriving an ought directly from an is.

1. 01

   Philosophy: Concepts, Reasons, and the Limits of Inquiry

   Philosophy makes the frameworks of thought visible. It examines what exists, what can be known, how reasons support conclusions, and what is worth doing.

   15 min read
2. 02

   Facts, Opinions, and Stances: Description, Judgment, and Action

   A conceptual guide to the difference between what is the case, what someone judges, and how someone is oriented to respond.

   14 min read
3. 03

   Rules and Principles: Reasons, Constraints, and Responsible Action

   Rules state actionable requirements; principles supply reasons for creating, interpreting, and revising them. This essay separates norms, policies, standards, procedures, controls, and AI constraints.

   13 min read